Leisure time is a time frame which is not included in work and study, does not require any social responsibilities and can be used by a person's own will and voluntarily. An individual manages this time through various recreational activities with his own preference and tendencies. The teaching profession is a special service area. The aim of this study is to determine how teachers, who are affected by negative conditions such as stress, fatigue and monotony in business life, make use (...) of leisure time, and the effects of activities they participate on life happiness and job performance. For this purpose, 1604 teachers working in Karesi and Altıeylül districts in Balıkesir province constitute the target population of the study. According to the sample calculation (0.05 error margin), it has been found sufficient to conduct surveys with 310 teachers. A questionnaire has been applied to 450 teachers and 400 questionnaires have been evaluated. In the study, Recreation activities participation form has been used to collect data, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire has been used to measure the happiness of the participants and the scale developed by LIT (Lamar Institute of Tecnology, 2009) has been used for performance.According to the findings of the study, it has been determined that the teachers are more interested in activities in the 'other activities' category such as video games, chess, watching television, surfing on the internet, board and card games, magazines and newspapers, attending club meetings, there is a weak positively relationship between recreation activities and happiness and happiness affects job performance. (shrink)

Kant's Nonideal Theory of Politics" argues that Kant's political thought must be understood by reference to his philosophy of history, cultural anthropology, and geography. The central thesis of the book is that Kant's assessment of the politically salient features of history, culture, and geography generates a nonideal theory of politics, which supplements his well-known ideal theory of cosmopolitanism. This novel analysis thus challenges the common assumption that an ideal theory of cosmopolitanism constitutes Kant's sole political legacy. Dilek Huseyinzadegan demonstrates (...) that Kant employs a teleological worldview throughout his political writings as a means of grappling with the pressing issues of multiplicity, diversity, and plurality--issues that confront us to this day. "Kant's Nonideal Theory of Politics" is the first book-length treatment of Kant's political thought that gives full attention to the role that history, anthropology, and geography play in his mainstream political writings. Interweaving close textual analyses of Kant's writings with more contemporary political frameworks, this book also makes Kant accessible and responsive to fields other than philosophy. As such, it will be of interest to students and scholars working at the intersections of political theory, feminism, critical race theory, and post- and decolonial thought--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

In this article, I put forward, as a suspicion only, that Kant never thought Black lives had dignity but only price. I follow Michel-Rolph Trouillot's argument that the Haitian Revolution is unthinkable for Enlightenment philosophers to examine what Kant could have, would have, or should have said about this world-historical event. By making conjectures about Kant's silence on the Haitian Revolution, I also draw from Kant's writings on the American and French Revolutions. If my suspicion is right, then Kantianism cannot (...) accommodate an antiracist program. This ought to change how we talk about racism, slavery, and colonialism in Kant scholarship and in the history of philosophy. (shrink)

As feminist scholars, we hope that our own work is exempt from structural problems such as racism, sexism, and Eurocentricism, that is, the kind of problems that are exemplified and enacted by Kant’s works. In other words, we hope that we do not re-enact, implicitly or explicitly, Kant’s problematic claims, which range from the unnaturalness of a female philosopher, “who might as well have a beard,” the stupid things that a black carpenter said “because he was black from head to (...) foot,” the poor women “living in the greatest slavery in the Orient,” to the “sheep-like existence of the inhabitants of Tahiti.” In this piece, I argue that we cannot simply hope to avoid these problems unless we are vigilant about incorporating the full picture of Kant’s and Kantian philosophy into our feminist appropriations. I will show that one way to minimize if not altogether avoid this risk is to follow the model of a new methodology that establishes the continued relevance of all of Kant’s claims for our present. Inspired by Spivak’s A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, I will call this alternative methodology the “constructive complicity” approach. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to shed some light on understanding why companies adopt environmentally responsible behavior and what impact this adoption has on their performance. This is an empirical study that focuses on the United Nations (UN) Global Compact (GC) initiative as a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mechanism. A survey was conducted among GC participants, of which 29 responded. The survey relies on the anticipated and actual benefits noted by the participants in the GC. The results, while not (...) conclusive, indicate that companies have more than one reason for adopting environmentally responsible behavior and that ethical and economic reasons co-exist. In terms of performance, the impact of participation in the GC seems to be particularly high in securing network opportunities and improved corporate image. The results indicate that companies that have participated many years in the GC, have submitted the most projects and have attended the most GC meetings also regard their CSR involvement as having had a strong, positive influence on their market performance. GC participation does not result in significant cost advantages, but this does not seem to have been regarded as a goal anyway. Costs seem to be affected to a␣large extent by existence of in-house research and␣development and the capability of developing environmentally sound technologies. Overall, the company receives both ethical and economic benefits from joining the GC. (shrink)

This article shows that themethodologyof Mills’ ‘Black Radical Kantianism’ (BRK) represents a major plot twist for Kant studies as well as contemporary political philosophy utilizing Kantian ideas. BRK is no mere upgrade of Kant’s or Kantian ideal theory for racial justice. Mills’ methodology requires us to positboththat the real Kant and establishment Kantianism have been racist, sexist and Eurocentric;andthat only by first admitting and reckoning with the compatibility of white supremacy and liberal egalitarianism can we hope to radicalize Kant or (...) Kantianism. (shrink)

Incidences of organizational wrongdoing have become wide spread throughout the whole business world. The management of organizational wrongdoings is of growing concern in organizations globally, since these types of acts can be detrimental to financial well being. Wrongdoing occurs within organizational settings and organizational members commonly have knowledge of and thus the opportunity to report the wrongdoing. An employee’s decision to report individual or organizational misconduct, i.e. blow the whistle, is a complex phenomenon that is based upon organizational, situational and (...) personal factors. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between value orientations of individuals and choices for particular whistleblowing modes. Our results show that there are significant relationships between these variables. We contribute to the extant literature by choosing Turkey as context as most studies have been conducted in the US and Europe, and little has been reported about the actions taken by employees in non-Western cultures when they observe wrongdoing in their organizations. (shrink)

In this article, we consider a recent trend whereby private equity available from venture capital firms is being deployed toward mission-driven initiatives in the form of impact investing. Acting as hybrid organizations, these impact investors aim to achieve financial results while also targeting companies and funds to achieve social impact. However, potential mission drift in these VCs, which we define as a decoupling between the investments made and intended aims, might become detrimental to the simultaneous financial and social goals of (...) such firms. Based on a content analysis of mission statements, we assess mission drift and the hybridization level of VC impact investors by examining their missions and their investment practices through the criteria of social and financial logic. After examining eight impact-oriented VC investors and their investments in 164 companies, we find mission drift manifest as a disparity between the means and ends in half of the VC impact investors in our sample. We discuss these findings and make suggestions for further studies. (shrink)

While Kants political thought, which downplay or dismiss the role of teleology, I restore Zweckms politics as a theoretically and practically useful material principle, and show that a teleological perspective complements the perspective stipulated by the formal principle of Recht. By means of a systematic reconstruction of what I call ssigkeits political thought.

Engineering and other areas from industry are increasingly of interest from the perspective of applied ontology. While several ontological approaches have been proposed to annotate the engineering design process, alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and the principles of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry remains largely absent. This paper addresses this gap by proposing an ontological representation of the product development process in engineering, with a particular focus on the conceptual design phase, based on Pahl and (...) Beitz's wellknown engineering design approach. Based on the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) and the Ontology of Biomedical Investigations (OBI), we develop a representation that accounts for the information content entities and processes central to engineering design. The paper reviews existing design ontologies, outlines our development methodology, and presents a BFO-compliant ontological representation of the conceptual design process. The proposed approach supports integration with domain ontologies that represent technical artifacts. (shrink)

Bir şeyi belirli sınıflara ve takımlara ayırma, düzenleme anlamlarına gelen tasnif kavramı, terimsel manada ilimleri özelliklerine göre sıralamak demektir. İslâm düşünce tarihinde hicrî ikinci asırdan itibaren bir gelenek halini alan ilimler tasnifi, eğitim-öğretimde metodolojik kolaylık sağlamak ve ilimler arasındaki ortak bağları kurmak gibi iki temel amaca hizmet etmiştir. Birçok ilmî disiplinle ilişkisi bulunan mûsikî de bu hiyerarşide dinî, riyâzî (matematiksel), felsefî, tâlimî ve ahlâkî ilimlerin bir parçası olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Söz konusu tasnif amaçları doğrultusunda her ilmin, kendi iç yapısını sistematik bir (...) şekilde inceleyebilmek için de bir sınıflandırmaya ihtiyaç duyulduğu görülmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, o ilmin bütüncül yapısının kavranmasını sağlamaktadır. Türk mûsikîsi tarihi araştırmalarının en önemli yazılı kaynaklarından olan güfte mecmuaları için de benzer bir sınıflandırma elzemdir. Zira henüz terminolojisi oluşturulmamış, kavramları netleştirilmemiş ve kapsamı belirlenmemiş bir temel kaynağın, mûsikî tarih yazımı hususunda ilim dünyasına katkı sağlaması pek mümkün değildir. Güfte mecmuası, bestelenmiş veya bestelenmek üzere yazılmış manzumelerin asgarî düzeyde makam kaydı düşülerek kaydedildiği eserler derlemesidir. Söz konusu mecmualar, repertuvarının yüzde elliden fazlasını ilâhî, durak, naat, nefes, tesbîh, tevşîh gibi dinî beste türlerinden ya da dinî muhtevalı güftelerden oluşturduğunda ise dinî güfte mecmuası adını alır. Ancak bu mecmuaların dağınık, şahsî ve heterojen yapıları; sayıca oldukça ciddi bir yekûn oluşturmaları ve genellikle araştırmaya dönük nesneler olarak algılanmamaları, hak ettikleri değeri yeterince görememelerine yol açmıştır. Bu durum müzikoloji alanında ciddi bir boşluk meydana getirmiştir. İşte anılan boşluğu gidermek, güfte mecmualarını işlevsel bir veri kaynağına dönüştürebilmek amacıyla tarihsel müzikoloji ve arşiv taraması yöntemleriyle iki yüzden fazla dinî güfte mecmuası incelenmiştir. Her bir esere tam bir kimlik kazandıran yedi eksenli bir tasnif modeli geliştirilmiştir. İlgili model; muhtevası, amacı, tertip şekilleri, içerdiği beste türlerinin bileşimi, beste kimliği, icra unsurlarının varlığı ve fiziksel/tarihsel kimliği gibi boyutları ele alarak mecmuaların çok yönlü yapısını ortaya koymaktadır. Böylece ele alınan bir yazma, oldukça detaylı bir analize tabi tutulabilecektir. Bu çok boyutlu modelin en önemli çıktılarından biri de isimlendirme sorununa getirilen analitik ve nicel temelli çözümdür. Mevcut literatürdeki muğlaklığı ortadan kaldırmak için bir mecmuanın beste türü yoğunluğunu esas alan bir isimlendirme protokolü hazırlanmıştır. Bu teklif, bir eserin içeriği ve repertuvarı göz önünde bulundurularak onu tanıtıcı bir adla anmayı tavsiye etmektedir. Örneğin ilâhî mecmuası, tesbîh mecmuası; ilâhî ve şarkı mecmuası veya naat ve durak mecmuası gibi. Bu yolla repertuvarının yüzde yetmişinden fazlası tek bir türe ait olan on bir farklı mecmua çeşidi tespit edilmiştir. Mevlid mecmuası, şuğul mecmuası, terâvih tertibi mecmuası bunlardan bazılarıdır. Çalışmada geliştirilen tasnif ve isimlendirme protokolü, ilgili mecmuaların bilimsel bir disiplin içerisinde ele alınmasını sağlayacak etkin bir araç sunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, yazma eser kütüphaneleri başta olmak üzere güfte mecmuaları konusuna eğilen kişilerce teklif edilen sistemin benimsenmesi, mevcut katalogların güncellenmesi ve yeni keşfedilen yazmaların bahsi geçen standartlarda tanımlanması önerilmektedir. Hasılı çalışma söz konusu temeli oluşturmak üzere atılmış en ciddi adımlardandır. (shrink)

Huaping Lu-Adler’s new book Kant, Race, and Racism: Views from Somewhere confronts the issues of race and racism in Kant’s philosophy directly. In the legacy of Charles Mills, Lu-Adler brings these issues from the margins to the mainstream of philosophical scholarship. This article offers a series of observations on defining racism in relation to Kantian philosophy, how much we have yet to learn from interdisciplinary scholarship, and how our attachment to philosophical rigor may have made us complicit in white supremacy.

One of the characteristics of the Enlightenment Age is the miracle criticisms. Hume defines the concept of miracle, which is an important part of the Christian faith, as “the violation of the laws of nature”. As an empiricist, he sees the miracle cases as a violation of natural laws; however, he thinks the laws of nature are unchangeable and permanent. Besides, the miracles transmitted through traditions in religions are occurrences confirmed by witnesses, which however, never provides, Hume claims, a reliable (...) ground for confirmation. According to Hume, testimony by men is reliable only if it is based on observers’ sense experiences themselves and/or deductions from those sense experiences. As a rationalist, Spinoza also deals with the concept of “miracle”. God/Nature is a central concept that expresses all the eternal reality in Spinoza’s philosophy. This reality indicates a boundless interaction network. In God, everything is connected to one another without interruption. All goings-on spring by necessity from His nature. Everything must be thought to have been designed by God and via divine laws. These are the laws of mathematics, logic, and motion. All claims of miracles in the face of God’s universal laws are a way of thinking contrary to the laws of nature. Spinoza and Hume’s miracle criticisms have similarities in many ways. As an empiricist, Hume asserts impossibility of miracles mostly on grounds of considerations based on experience, whereas Spinoza, as a rationalist, asserts impossibility of miracles as departing from the concept of God. (shrink)

In this remembrance essay I reflect on my seventeen years of friendship and apprenticeship with Charles W. Mills. I focus on Mills’s “Black Radical Kantianism,” (2018) situating it in light of his earlier work on Kant, history of philosophy, political philosophy, and race, and demonstrating the lasting impact of Mills’s work especially on Kant Studies and Kantian moral-legal-political philosophy. In this analysis, I both acknowledge Mills’s radicalization of Kantianism as a major win toward making white supremacy visible in Kant Studies (...) and political philosophy and remain skeptical of Mills’s strategy of revising liberalism and especially Kantianism for reparative justice projects. After all, holding multiple and seemingly contradictory truths at once is something I have learned from Charles, as it will become clear. (shrink)

The holy grail of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to transform the machine into an agent that can decide, make inferences, cluster the contents, predict, recommend, and exhibit similar higher cognitive faculties. The prowess of Large Language Models (LLMs) serves as evidence: they enable seamless natural language communication and widespread use across various fields by swiftly processing unstructured data and handling diverse datasets with agility. However, in order to be competent in the fields of science and industry, an agent with such (...) capabilities must be reliable, i.e., accountable for its decisions and actions, which is a per se attribute of an autonomous agent. In this respect, this paper aims to determine whether state-of-the-art technologies have already created an autonomous explanatory agent or are paving the way for the machine to become an autonomous explanatory agent. To achieve this, the paper is structured as follows: The first part investigates the types and levels of explanations in explanation models, providing a foundation for understanding the nature of explanations in everyday life. The second part explores explanations in the context of artificial intelligence, focusing on types of explanatory systems in the research field of eXplainable AI (XAI). The third part delves into whether and to what extent the state-of-the-art machine learning models function as autonomous explanatory agents, based on the exploration in the second part and considering the field of Human-Computer Interaction. (shrink)

The holy grail of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to transform the machine into an agent that can decide, make inferences, cluster the contents, predict, recommend, and exhibit similar higher cognitive faculties. The prowess of Large Language Models (LLMs) serves as evidence: they enable seamless natural language communication and widespread use across various fields by swiftly processing unstructured data and handling diverse datasets with agility. However, in order to be competent in the fields of science and industry, an agent with such (...) capabilities must be reliable, i.e., accountable for its decisions and actions, which is a per se attribute of an autonomous agent. In this respect, this paper aims to determine whether state-of-the-art technologies have already created an autonomous explanatory agent or are paving the way for the machine to become an autonomous explanatory agent. To achieve this, the paper is structured as follows: The first part investigates the types and levels of explanations in explanation models, providing a foundation for understanding the nature of explanations in everyday life. The second part explores explanations in the context of artificial intelligence, focusing on types of explanatory systems in the research field of eXplainable AI (XAI). The third part delves into whether and to what extent the state-of-the-art machine learning models function as autonomous explanatory agents, based on the exploration in the second part and considering the field of Human-Computer Interaction. (shrink)

Altın, insanlık tarihinde uzun çağlar boyunca para olarak kullanılmıştır. Günümüz piyasalarında ise altının klasik fıkıh kitaplarında yer alan sarf akdine benzer yahut ondan çok daha farklı ve karmaşık mübadele işlemlerine konu olduğu görülmektedir. İşte bu noktada altınla ilgili günümüzdeki işlemlerin İslam hukuku açısından hangi kategoride, nasıl değerlendirileceği sorunu ve bu sorunun çözümü gündeme gelmektedir. Bu yazıda Yusuf Erdem Gezgin’in konuyla ilgili olarak kaleme aldığı “Finansal Piyasalarda Altın Mübadele İşlemleri İslam Hukuku Açısından Bir İnceleme” adlı eserinin tanıtımı yapılacaktır. Yazar, literatüre kazandırdığı (...) bu eserde finansal piyasalardaki altın işlemlerini ele almıştır. (shrink)

The history of ontology reveals various methodologies that examine being. Traditional ontology studies being qua being and categorizes it. Formal ontology determines the categories that are common to all entities and classifies them with formal languages using these categories as well. However, for over thirty years, formal ontologies have been studied and built outside of philosophy. The reason why ontology is separated from philosophy and becomes an interdisciplinary study is due to our need to make classifications and standardization in data (...) and information management in accordance with reality. What lies behind this requirement is the exponential growth of data and the impossibility of analyzing it neither by humans nor by existing methods. For instance, dozens of studies are published every minute, and then scientists cannot follow all these developments with classical techniques. Therefore, the desire that machines should be involved in the processes of sharing and producing knowledge is far higher than ever. This desire, thus, has led us to develop new models for knowledge production. It has been experienced that the standardization of knowledge is essential in the construction of models; for, significant differences were found between taxonomic structures, concept definitions, and different granularity levels in the knowledge representations of various working groups, and even the integration of data was not possible. At this point, the selection, classification, and standardization of knowledge have been guaranteed by using ontological principles and methods. In this article, within information systems, we will introduce the formal ontologies, the formal theory covering the broadest knowledge of the field by selecting, classifying and standardizing it by using the principles and methods of philosophical ontologies. We will mention that we use description logics, a family of formal languages with the expressive power of natural language and high-performance reasoning algorithms, to represent this theory in machines. In essence, this article will introduce formal ontologies and description logics in the realm of knowledge representation. (shrink)

The role of external actors in shaping education policy has received considerable critical attention (Ball and Junemann, 2012; Ball, 2012; Henry et al., 2001; Reckhow, 2013). Offering a significant...

In this essay, I argue for a revival of Adorno and Horkheimer’s critical philosophy of history on account of the fact that their construction articulates both the necessity of various aspects of our current socio-political conditions given the past tendencies of rationality and domination, and the contingency of the present miseries by problematizing the continuous historical narratives that justify a certain version of the present. After demonstrating that the accomplishment of critical philosophy of history has to be located in the (...) dialectic of the necessary as well as the contingent elements of historical developments, I turn to the Dialectic of Enlightenment as a particular constellation that exemplifies this accomplishment. I show that in this book we find a critical philosophy of history that narrates a story that both makes fascism the necessary corollary and conclusion of instrumental rationality and shows its contingent entanglement with domination. In this way, the initial question of how reason and rationality can lead to domination is now transformed into one that asks how we can we reinterpret and re-animate them such that they are no longer complicit with domination. (shrink)

Türkiye’s Health Transformation Programme (HTP), launched in 2003, reorganised the country’s healthcare system through interlocking mechanisms: a Performance-Based Revolving Fund (PBRF) — a pay-for-performance scheme — linking physician income to procedure volume; a Central Appointment System (CAPS) imposing daily patient quotas; and a General Health Insurance (GHI) scheme conditioning coverage on premium payment. No integrated qualitative analysis has examined the cumulative impact of multiple HTP mechanisms across all four principles of the Beauchamp and Childress framework using practice-level physician accounts. An (...) interpretive, constructivist qualitative design employing reflexive thematic analysis was used. Twenty-two specialist physicians participated across two phases: seven in a pilot phase for scenario development (not in the analytical dataset) and fifteen in the main interview phase, of whom twelve were retained for analysis after consensus review (n = 12 analytical sample; mean seniority approximately 25 years; criterion-based purposive sampling across five districts of Muğla, Türkiye). Data were collected via semi-structured interviews structured around four researcher-developed hypothetical scenarios. Primary coding was undertaken by the researcher and progressively validated through consensus discussion with the academic supervisor and a professor of medical ethics on the doctoral thesis monitoring committee. Transcripts were returned to participants for review (COREQ item 23). Four primary themes and one cross-cutting pattern emerged. Participants described the PBRF as eroding beneficence and non-maleficence through patient-poaching, defensive clinical decision-making, and progressive normalisation of ethical violations. The hospital enterprise model was described as subordinating patient welfare to revenue priorities. Participants reported that CAPS quotas render genuine informed consent structurally difficult to achieve, while complaint mechanisms deepen perceived autonomy deficits. The GHI’s premium-debt exclusion was described as transferring institutional injustice onto individual physicians. A cross-cutting theme captured participants’ accounts of the transformation of professional identity from patient stewardship to a shift-completion mentality — consistent with the trajectory from moral distress toward moral injury described in the international literature. Physicians in this study perceive HTP policies as creating cumulative tensions with the four-principle framework. These perceptions mirror patterns documented in neoliberal reform contexts across Australia, France, Iran, Botswana, and Canada. They constitute interpretive accounts drawn from a small purposive sample of senior practitioners in a single province, rather than structural diagnoses of the system. Findings argue for integrating practice-level physician accounts into health-policy ethical evaluation alongside efficiency metrics; the scenario methodology offers a replicable approach for practice-informed policy-ethics research rather than a direct structural diagnosis of the system. (shrink)

Muḥyī d-Dīn Ibn al-ʿArabī and Meister Eckhart are among the leading mystics of the Middle Ages and, given their philosophical shaping of mysticism and their deviation from the prevailing theological tradition at that time, are among the thinkers most commented on in academic research. In the context of current anthropological debates, the question of how their doctrinal correspondences are reflected in the respective image of man, particularly with regard to the identification of God and being, is of importance. This study (...) examines the meaning of and reason for being human in the context of human diversity, while also addressing the basic principles of the mystical image of man against the background of gender images. (shrink)

Kur’ân kelimeleri, sözlük anlamlarının yanı sıra taşıdıkları anlam vecihleri arasında tercihi mümkün kılan metin içi bağlam ile nüzul sebepleri, nüzul ortamı gibi metin dışı bağlam unsurları dikkate alınarak incelenmektedir. Bağlamın göz ardı edilmesi, zaman zaman metnin işaret etmediği anlamların âyetin tefsirinde merkezi bir hal almasına ya da asıl vurgulanan mesajın gözden kaçmasına sebep olabilmektedir. Söz konusu bağlam-anlam ilişkisinin Kur’ân kelimeleri üzerinden incelenebileceği dikkate değer bir örnek s-f-h (س ف ه) kökü ve bu kökten türeyen kelimelerdir. Bahsedilen lafızların anlam alanı tefsir (...) literatüründe farklı te’vîllere konu olmuş, bu te’vîllerin bir kısmına Muhammed İzzet Derveze bazı eleştiriler yöneltmiştir. Bu itibarla, tefsirlerde s-f-h köküne yüklenen anlamları, Derveze’nin özellikle Bakara sûresinin 13. âyetinin tefsirinde dile getirdiği eleştirilerden hareketle ele almak, söz konusu te’vîlleri mukayeseli biçimde değerlendirme imkânı sunmaktadır. Derveze bu âyette geçen “süfehâ”nın kapsamına bazı müfessirler tarafından kadınların dahil edilmesini eleştirmekte, mezkûr te’vîlin bağlam dışı, zorlama olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Söz konusu iddiayı merkeze alarak bu makalede s-f-h kökünün ve müştaklarının Kur’ân’da hangi manalarda kullanıldığının sözlük anlamları ile iç ve dış bağlam dikkate alınarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Klasik ve çağdaş tefsir literatüründe lafzın anlam alanının sınırlarının ne ölçüde genişletildiği veya daraltıldığı incelenmekte böylece hem sözlük anlamının hem de bağlamın Derveze’nin eleştirdiği gibi gerçekten ihmal edilip edilmediği tartışılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Derveze’nin eleştirisinin tefsir literatüründe bir karşılığının olup olmadığı varsa hangi oranda olduğu da ortaya koyulmaktadır. Araştırmada semantik analiz ve bağlam analizi yöntemlerine başvurulmuştur. Bu inceleme sonucunda kelimenin Kur’ân’da inanç, ahlak ve mali bağlamlarda kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Müfessirler genel olarak kelimeyi, inanç ve ahlakî bakımdan düşüncesizce ve cahilce davranmayı ifade eden bir anlam odağında yorumlamışlardır. Bakara 2/130, 2/142, En‘âm 6/140, A‘râf 7/66-67, 7/155, Cin 72/4 gibi âyetlerde sefeh, çoğunlukla cehalet, hatalı düşünce, inanç açısından sapkınlık ve ahlak dışı davranışları ifade eden sözlük anlamları ve bağlamında kazandığı anlamlar çerçevesinde kullanılmıştır. Bu kullanımlarda sefihlik olumsuz bir davranış olarak örneklendirilmiş, fiilin muhataplarına karşı bir eleştiri ve kınama kastedilmiştir. Diğer yandan Derveze’nin bağlam dışı anlam yüklemeye dair eleştirilerinin yoğunlaştığı Bakara 2/13, Bakara 2/282 ve Nisâ 4/5 âyetlerinin tefsirinde kelimenin sözlük anlamlarının yanında sefihin, kadınlara ve çocuklara hamledildiği te’vîllere de yer verilmiştir. Bahsi geçen te’vîlleri destekleyecek şekilde rivayetler nakledilmiştir. Ancak kaynaklar tarandığında Derveze’nin özellikle Bakara 2/13 âyetinin tefsirindeki eleştirisine konu olan bu te’vîl şeklinin çok baskın ve hâkim bir çizgi olmadığı, aksine sınırlı bir çerçevede dile getirildiği görülmüştür. Nitekim Bakara 2/13 özelinde müfessirler genellikle doğrudan süfehâ kelimesini kadınlara hamletmekten ziyade, lafza dair Nisâ 4/5 âyeti bağlamında süfehânın “kadın ve çocuklar” olduğuna ilişkin rivayetleri aktarmışlardır. Bu gibi örneklerde kelimeye sözlük anlamının dışında kadın anlamının yüklenmesi, Derveze’nin eleştirel bir söylem geliştirmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Nitekim bahsi geçen söylemi destekleyecek şekilde sefihliğin, Kur’ân’ın iç bütünlüğünde cinsiyet veya yaşla ilişkilendirilmeden doğrudan umumî olarak akıl, dinî ve ahlakî tavır, rüşd ve temyiz kabiliyetiyle ilişkili kullanıldığı açıktır. Derveze de Bakara 2/13, Bakara 2/282 ve Nisâ 4/5 gibi âyetlerde kelimenin anlamına ilişkin yaptığı izahlarda sefihliğin kapsamının kadınlara tahsis edilemeyeceği yaklaşımını vurgulamıştır. Çalışmanın, s-f-h kökünün Kur’ân’daki kullanımlarını semantik ve bağlam merkezli bir yöntemle ele alması, Derveze’nin eleştirisini esas alarak söz konusu eleştirinin isabetli yönlerini ve eleştirel tavrında ne ölçüde haklı olduğunu tespit etmesi açısından literatüre katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir. (shrink)

Big Data is believed to be one of the most important phenomena of the century due to its transformative effects and those undeniable effects of the data deluge in the fields of industry, science, and the Web -the fundamental wheels upon which today's world makes progress-are, however, hardly transformative. If Big Data is to lead to revolutions in these fields, the machine must be autonomous, that is, to perform higher-order cognitive skills, such as making decisions, inferences, and recommendations. The condition (...) for an autonomous machine is its ability to understand and process Big Data. So, this work aims to determine the foundations for machine-understandability and accordingly determine the conditions for an autonomous machine. In this respect, this work proposes a machine ontology, Ontology 4.0, which represents phenomena in terms of their semantic properties in a relation-based fashion and processes semantic properties according to their types. Adapted from trope and type theories, this ontology forms the basis for machine-understandability. However, due to computational limitations from type theories, the semantic properties are discussed to be represented with nonextensional ontological objects, viz., urtropes, which turn out to be the building blocks of Ontology 4.0. Category theory is adapted as a formalization tool to implement this structure in the machine. Consequently, providing basis for machine-understandability, Ontology 4.0 is a machine ontology that harmonizes urtrope and modifed category theory. (shrink)